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The George Henderson

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Not only did people immigrate to Cumberland County, they also emigrated.  Levi Eaton is an example of this.

Amos Eaton was a second generation Planter who had come from Cornwallis Township to Pugwash before 1811.  Ship building was booming in Pugwash, and it is suggested that that is why he immigrated here.

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His son, Levi Woodworth Eaton, born in Pugwash in 1811, also worked as a ship builder.  

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Levi had two sons and two daughters.  His second daughter, Lydia Ann, had married a sea captain, John James, who often sailed her father’s ships.   He also accepted jobs from others and, in 1857, had carried followers of Norman McLeod, a rather messianic leader, who took 5 boatloads of people, mostly of Scottish descent, from Cape Breton to New Zealand.  They eventually settled in Waipu, New Zealand.

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After handing over command of the ship Breadalbane in 1858, he made his way back to Pugwash where Levi Eaton was building the last of his many ships, the 171 ton brig, The George Henderson.  He convinced Levi Eaton and his family to set sail for New Zealand.  Fourteen natives of Pugwash, (including Pages, Orchards, McLeans, Fergusons, Eatons and Bigelows), left on Dec. 4, 1859 for the long voyage carrying 40 barrels of salt and 2,800 bricks.  After two stops - one in South Africa and one in Sydney Australia, the George Henderson arrived in Auckland harbour on April 27, 1860.  

 

Levi Eaton became an auctioneer in Auckland and Captain James continued on with the ship.

 

Maori and settler relations in New Plymouth, New Zealand, were very tense at that time.  The government engaged the George Henderson and Captain James to take supplies to the troops and civilians who had been burned out.  She arrived in New Plymouth and was then chartered to take some of the women and children to safety in Nelson.  As she was waiting to load, on August 3, 1860, a storm hit, one of her cables parted, and as she drifted north, her ensign hoisted the Union Down - a sign of distress.  With waves breaking over the ship, Captain James realized nothing could save her, and so headed to Fitzroy beach at the mouth of the Henui River.

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She grounded on the sand with the waves still breaking over her.  Captain James put a rope ashore, and the crew were pulled in on it by soldiers and civilians who had gathered on the beach.  He, of course was the last to leave the ship.

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The next morning, 20 carts of soldiers arrived to collect her guns, canvas, rigging and as much of her cargo as they could salvage.  During the night a picket of soldiers had been posted to stop the Maoris from stealing things from her.  One of the volunteers who went to take food and a blanket to some of the soldiers was shot and killed by Maori.

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By August 21, 1860, stripped and waterlogged, the ship was abandoned completely and sank below the sand.  It was a short life for a fine vessel, built from the forests of Pugwash.

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In January, 1980, 120 years later, as Fitzroy Beach was hit by erosion, the ribs of the George Henderson rose from the sand.  The remains were visible for only a few days before the shifting sands reclaimed them.

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by Dianne Elliott

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Loveland

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How Pugwash was involved with the capture of Canada's first Prisoners of War

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Here is a photo of the German Ship Loveland taken at the dock in Pugwash while she was loading scrap metal and a deck load of lumber on August 29, 1939.  On Sept. 3, 1939, war was declared, and the ship was still in the harbour.  There must have been much consternation among the crew as to how to get back home.  They decided on a quick dash.  She left port in the middle of the night and sailed out of the harbour without a pilot.  When it was discovered next morning that she had gone, a call was put in to the navy in Halifax who dispatched two ships to intercept her in Canadian waters.  They caught her just off the west coast of Cape Breton and the captain set course for the shore and scuttled her.  The captain and crew were captured and became Canada's first prisoners of war.  They were held in Dorchester NB until a camp was prepared in Ontario.

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The Condor

 

The Condor was a full-rigged barque and in 1876 was the last of a series of ships built at the north end of Port Philip bridge in Port Howe by the Mokler Family.  The Mokler Ship Yard was situated where the United Church stood.  At one time, nearer the end of the bridge, was an acre or two of cleared land where there were several buildings and a long narrow wharf built on piles where ships were outfitted and rigged after launching.

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In 1875, when under construction, a tax appraiser came and claimed that a wooden ship not yet launched was a structure not a ship and liable to taxes.  Her owners didn't agree and told the appraiser he could leave either by the gate or floating down the river – he could take his choice. After much argument, a court ruling was found that a ship was a ship from the laying of a keel until completion providing a name was on the plans before construction began.

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The Condor was launched in 1876 and was 169 feet long and 34.5 feet wide.  Her hold was 19 feet deep.

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She was owned by Patrick Mokler and on her maiden voyage, she was crewed by several of the young men who had built her.  Some of them were MacKays of Port Howe. Also with her was his mother Ellen Mokler who accompanied all her sons (there were four of them) on maiden voyages to see how they handled their ships.  With her on all the voyages went her lead coffin so that if she died, she could be buried at sea with dignity.

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The Mokler family came from Ireland, but the children were born in Nova Scotia.  Captain Pat gave money to St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, so much that the residence building, Mokler Hall, is named after him.

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For 13 years, under the command of Captain Pat it sailed to Liverpool England with lumber, from Liverpool to Rio de Janeiro with coal and to New York with hides, horns, tallow and hair. The horns were for buttons, the tallow for candles and the hair for mixing in plaster.  Apparently sailors claimed you could smell the ship before you saw it.

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The Condor was sold in Liverpool, England to Norwegian interests on Sept. 19, 1889.  Captain Pat retired to Brule.  He had a glassed-in watch tower on top of his house so he could look out over the sea.

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On July 26, 1895, the Norwegian Barque CONDOR was owned by J. A. Knudsen.  On a voyage from Hull to Pensacola in ballast caught fire 50 miles east south east of Lowestoft, England and was abandoned.

PUGWASH

 

70 Water Street: The Clarke House

 

The Clarke House is on lot 103 of the original Black plan of Pugwash. A deed, signed by John and Sarah Black, shows that the land was purchased on Jan. 19, 1847 for 30 pounds by Dr. Joseph Clarke, a physician. The lot was on Water Street starting at Victoria Street and running east 85 feet and south 85 feet.

 

Joseph built a house which he named Napoleon’s Cottage. It also served as his office and his dispensary. In 1854, he also bought lot 106 for 80 pounds. That was on the corner of Water and Durham Street. He sold that land in 1873 to William Henry Brown for $364.00, and it eventually became the war memorial.

 

Dr. Joseph Clarke was born in Kilkenny, Ireland. He emigrated as a young physician and dentist to Nova Scotia. This was unusual as many Irish immigrants were coming to the area, but few were educated. He married Olivia King (Mar. 30, 1827 – Feb. 28, 1910), daughter of Lavina Pineo and Oliver King in about 1850. In 1853, their first child, Cyrilla Clarke (1853 – 1938) was born. She was followed three years later by brother William (1856 – 1882). Child 3, Joseph Holmes Clarke (1860 – 1938) followed soon after being born in 1860. Their newly built house was on Water Street, and Joseph was a successful physician with three children. He practiced out of his house, and it served also as his dispensary.

 

In the 1861 census, he was in a household of 8 in Pugwash, 5 males and 3 females. That same year, Dr. Joseph had a schooner built in Wallace, The Janet. Unfortunately, it sank in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1862. In the 1864 Hutchinson’s Directory, Joseph is listed as a physician and dentist. In the 1871 census, the family of 5 are in Pugwash and living with them are Hiram and Clara Huston. Hiram was an engineer at a steam mill. Servant Maggie Satoris is with them as was a sailor, Joseph Akerly.

 

Daughter Cyrilla married Edgar Augustus Elliott in 1874 in Amherst. Dr. Joseph Clarke was obviously a man of some influence and service to the village. On August 27, 1857, he was appointed coroner for Cumberland County. He held other offices for the village. In 1858, he was an assessor. In 1858 - 60, he served as commissioner of streets. In 1870 and 1875, he was one of three school trustees. In 1871, he was an overseer of the poor. In 1872, he and Dr. Creed participated in the examination of Mr. Macaulay’s 103 students. In 1877, he had a meeting with the premier to change the route of the Northern Light which went to PEI through Pictou. He successfully pressed for it to be changed to going from Pugwash to Victoria instead.

 

The Christian Messenger reported that on Jan. 25, 1880, Dr. Clarke, just before retiring, went into his surgery to get some medicine and made a mistake, taking carbolic acid instead of the preparation he intended to take. Before he had drank the whole dose he discovered his mistake and told his wife that he was poisoned and had only a few minutes to live. Dr. Dakin, who lived just across the street, was at once called and used all possible remedies, but Clarke died in half an hour. The Miramichi Advance added that he had not been well for some time. Dr. Creed and Dr. Mackintosh also arrived but Dr. Clarke was speechless and could only wave his hand to indicate that there was nothing to be done. Reports of his death showed that the deceased had been in practice for a great number of years and had been particularly successful in the treatment of diphtheria. He practiced out of his house, but he also was said to travel into the countryside regardless of weather. He was buried in Palmerston Cemetery.

 

The appraisal of Joseph’s estate showed 3 pieces of real estate – 17 acres of land on Irishtown Road, 1 lot in Pugwash of 80 feet x 80 feet with a house and a barn, and a farm of 150 acres where Thomas Sarson was residing. The lot in Pugwash and the furniture was deeded to Augusta and Cyrilla including the portion owned by son Joseph Holmes. JH relinquished all right to his portion of that land and deeded it to his mother and sister. By the 1881 census, Olivia was a widow. She was living with her daughter Cyrilla Elliott, also a widow, sons William and Joseph Clarke and Cyrilla’s children Daisy and Pearl. In 1891, she was still in her house in Pugwash with Cyrilla, Daisy and Edmund as well as lodgers John Seaman and William Morgan.

 

Olivia was burned out twice. On July 25, 1898, a raging fire struck the Durham Street area. Winds fanned the flames and without a fire department, eighteen families were rendered homeless. Olivia’s house was completely lost along with 17 other properties, including the house and barn of her son, Joseph Holmes Clarke. In 1899, Olivia was rebuilding on the site of her former residence at 70 Water Street. In 1899, Joseph’s daughter Cyrilla married again to Clarence Edward Reed a sea captain in Pictou. Cyrilla’s son Edmund Pearl married Hattie M. Hay that same year in Truro. Her daughter Daisy Elliott married Stephen Percival Wilson also in 1899. Joseph’s brother William had died without having children. In the 1901 census, Olivia is living alone. On Sept. 10, 1901, the Clark house was again damaged by fire resulting from thieves blowing up the safe in Brown’s store which was adjacent. The house caught on fire several times, but was saved by the people. The town had no fire department. Finally, on Nov. 11, 1901, was a large fire that almost wiped out the town of Pugwash. Olivia’s damage was recorded as $1500 for loss of house and furniture. As the winter coal and vegetables had been laid in, the damage was even greater.

 

Olivia had to build again. By January of 1902, they had decided to also build a meat market on the property. This structure was right next door to the house she was also building, the house that is there now. Olivia died on Feb. 28, 1910, of softening of the brain and exhaustion. She is buried in Willow Grove Cemetery. She was C of E. This is interesting because son, Joseph Holmes Clarke and family were RC.

 

In 1911, according to the census, Cyrilla and Edward Reed were living alone in the house.

 

Cyrilla’s brother, Joseph Holmes Clarke (April 8, 1860 – Jan. 13, 1938) was initially employed as a bookkeeper and auctioneer. In 1879, Joseph was a surveyor of lumber. He married Agustia (Gussie) Adilea Walsh (Mar. 17, 1866 -   ) on July 16, 1886 in Pugwash. In 1898, when he was a general merchant, they lived in Pugwash. Their house was burned in 1898, with the loss being assessed at $800 and insurance at $300. In 1901 they were in Pugwash with children Adilea, Joseph and Alexander. They were Roman Catholic. He was a general merchant and also a surveyor of lumber. In 1915, a poem of his was published in Moncton called “Home is home where ere it be”. In 1920 he was a fence viewer. This was a municipal post. He became very active in municipal government, receiving appointment as stripendiary magistrate at Pugwash, acting periodically as returning officer for municipal elections and even running as an unsuccessful Liberal candidate for a seat on County Council in 1922. In 1927, he was a Customs Collector. He also worked for a time as a conductor for the railway out west and as the station agent and telegrapher in Pugwash Junction.

 

In 1911, Joseph, Gussie and the children are all in Pugwash. In 1916, Joseph Holmes is living in a hotel in Cochrane, Ontario working for the railway according to his son’s attestation papers. In 1921 Joseph and Gussie are in Pugwash with son Joseph V. In 1931, they are in Pugwash with Daisy Wilson who is listed as their boarder. She was Joseph’s niece. Joseph was a judge by then. Joseph Holmes and Gussie’s eldest daughter, Adilea Mary Clarke (May 6, 1888 - ) became a teacher. When she retired, she moved into the Clarke house. After Adelia died, the house was empty for some time.

 

JH’s second child, Joseph Valentine Clarke (Feb. 14, 1890 [1901 Census] - ) joined up for WWI in March 1916 from Winnipeg where he was a switchman. He was hit by a bullet on Vimy Ridge, and his right arm was amputated. After his return to Canada, he married Jean Elizabeth Thompson on Sept. 14, 1921. She died, and he married Christina Williams in May of 1928. Chrissy renovated the family house and she and Joseph moved in.

 

He was an insurance agent for 40 years and sold his business in 1969. Jophie and Chrissie’s second child was Joseph. Another child was Marion Clarke who won a beauty contest and from that was offered a contract by the CBC in 1953 to work in television. She gave up her career as host of The Saturday Show in 1957 to marry Darroch MacGillivray. Their third child, Alexander Bernard Clarke (Jan. 31, 1892 – June 13, 1953) also enlisted in 1914. At Ypres, he was wounded and taken prisoner. His leg was amputated. He was returned to Canada in 1917. He married Marie Clarisse Cantin in Calgary and moved to BC. Joseph and Chrissy’s fourth child was James David Clarke. They had grandson Darren Clarke who wrote an article about spending his summers in Pugwash in the Clarke house. According to him, Joseph V. smoked and loved pipes and had a room in his house dedicated to pipes. When Joseph and Chrissie became older, they moved to a smaller house down Water Street. 

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Darren Clarke was a grandson of Joseph and Gussy and son of James David Clarke..  He wrote excerpts from reminiscences for “The Left Field Lark” June 18, 2018 Travel section.

 

Sitting on my grandparents’ sun porch in a rain storm – Pugwash is a tiny little town of 784 that sits on the Northumberland Strait at the mouth of the Pugwash River. My grandparents’ house sat on the corner of the town’s main streets, Water Street and Victoria Street. The sunporch overlooked Water Street and wrapped around half of the length of the house that ran parallel to Victoria. The windows were weathered, vaguely distorting the outside world. If you were sitting in the front of the house, you could look across Water Street and see Pugwash bay, its clay-coloured beach just steps away.

 

Memories of visiting my Grandfather - . . . lounging in lawn chairs beneath the tree in my grandparents’ back yard listening to my grandfather regale me, indeed educate me, with war stories and tales of his time as a magistrate – good decisions, bad decisions, funny decisions, in his endeavour to provide justice, the people he met, the ones that surprised him, the ones he respected, the ones that let him down and beyond that his stories of long lost World War I battlefields, former boxing champions (Tommy Burns) and so much more.

 

My grandfather’s pipes – My dad’s dad had tons of smoking pipes varying from simple corn cob pipes to straightforward wood pipes with plastic ends to crazy cool wood ones, some with improbably intricate metal ends. We loved them. He had an entire room dedicated to his pipes.

 

On the porch -The guns I remember really, rifles which appeared to be circa World War One. There was tons of random stuff there: almanacs, nicnacks, magazines, pins, old metal lighters that didn’t work.

 

The village – memories of collecting bottle caps out front of the same corner store in Pugwash where you bought the little packages of seaweed to eat.

 

70 Water Street was bought by John Caraberis and Bonnie Wood in 1996. They rented it to Dale O’Hara and Erin Horton who turned it into a restaurant known as Walden Pond, named after the book which Dale had been reading. It was a successful business. The current kitchen was the kitchen of the restaurant; there were two rooms which are now the dining room and living room and an outdoor deck on the Victoria Street side. Reception was from Water Street and Dale and Erin lived upstairs. It was next sold to Peter Sietel who used it as a storehouse for antiques.

 

In 2025, it was again bought by John Caraberis and Bonnie Wood. They renovated: municipal water was connected, the foundation was fixed, there was some new wiring and plastering, new heat pumps and a new roof were installed, the sun porch was repaired and a new entrance from Victoria Street was built. , and it is currently being occupied by a family who are new to the area.

 

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